Hi,

here is the report:


Amniocentesis is a common prenatal test in which a small sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus is removed and examined. This test is used to diagnose or, far more likely, rule out certain birth defects and genetic disorders. Amniocentesis is performed between 16 and 20 weeks into the pregnancy.
In essence, Amniocentesis involves withdrawal of small amount of amniotic fluid from the sac surrounding the foetus. The needle is passed through the abdominal wall and through the uterine wall. The goal is to examine a tiny amount of this fluid to obtain information about the baby, including its sex, and to detect physical abnormalities such as Down's syndrome or spina bifida. Amniocentesis is only performed on women thought to be at higher risk of delivering a child with a birth defect. Amniocentesis can be used to look up differences between mother’s blood and baby’s blood. The test also helps evaluate the severity of anemia in fetuses with Rh disease (an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby). The amount of bilirubin found in the amniotic fluid is used to predict the level of fetal harm that is occurring from Rh sensitization. The test may also be used to diagnose a condition called Anencephaly. This is a lethal birth defect where the baby is missing a large portion of the brain including skull and scalp.
If a woman already has had a child (or pregnancy) diagnosed with a chromosomal abnormality, a genetic birth defect or certain birth defects involving the brain or spinal cord (neural tube defects or NTDs), she may be offered prenatal testing during subsequent pregnancies. The levels of a protein called alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the amniotic fluid can be measured to help diagnose NTDs. AFP levels are often increased when the baby has an NTD.
The actual procedure is not too complicated. The woman lies down, and the position of the foetus and the placenta are determined by an ultrasound scan. When the doctor is sure of a safe spot, they swab the woman's belly with antiseptic and inject a local anaesthetic into the skin. For amniocentesis the doctor inserts a needle into the uterus wall through the abdomen. Using a long, thin needle, the doctor extracts about 15 to 20ml (approximately three teaspoons) of amniotic fluid. This takes about 30 seconds or so. The foetus is checked afterwards to make sure all is well. The entire procedure can take around 90 minutes. This is called Rh sensitization. The doctor may also withdraw some fluid from the Umbilical cord through the Umbilical wall.


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Hi,

Endoscope is a medical instrument that is devised to see internal parts of the patient's body such as the stomach and intestines. It has a long tube to enter patient's body and a tiny camera is attached to the front of this tube. It is used to be generally inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus and organs that doctors want to see are photographed by the camera.

General kinds of the scopes are bronchoscope, esophagoscope, gastroscope, duodenoscope, rectoscope, cystoscope, laperoscope, and so on. And thoracoscope, mediastinoscope, cardioscope are specially used.

Endoscopy can involve -

- gastrointestinal tract (GI tract): esophagus, stomach and duodenum (esophagogastroduodenoscopy); small intestine , colon (colonoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy) Bile duct endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), duodenoscope-assisted cholangiopancreatoscopy, intraoperative cholangioscopy

- respiratory tract : nose (rhinoscopy) ; lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)

- urinary tract (cystoscopy)

- female reproductive system : cervix (colposcopy), uterus (hysteroscopy), Fallopian tubes (Falloscopy)

- Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision): abdominal or pelvic cavity (laparoscopy) , interior of a joint (arthroscopy)

- Organs of the chest (thoracoscopy and mediastinoscopy)

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Hi,

I am posting a list of 4 of the above specialities.

Dermatology,

•Sees to patients on an outpatient basis with skin lesions ranging from Hyperpigmentation, sun rash to psoriasis and leucoderma.
•Microdermabrasion, laser therapy, cautery and chemical peeling are the procedures performed routinely.
•Usually requires laboratory or radiological interventions in case of skin lesions associated with systemic involvement SLE, Polymyositis or other connective tissue diseases and skin biopsies for indeterminate skin lesions needs to be send in for histopathological diagnosis so that further management can be planned.
•Includes a team of highly qualified dermatologists specializing in skin and venereal diseases and in the above mentioned procedures.


Gastroenterology,

•Patients of chronic liver disease, gastroenteritis, alcoholics, gastric ulcers, hepatic encephalopathy, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, ascitis, pancreatitis, being seen on an out patient basis and also being given emergency care, ICU care and inpatient admission till stabilization.
•Endoscopy, colonoscopy, proctoscopy, nasogastric tube aspiration, asctic fluid tapping, banding, stapling endoscopically being done routinely.
•Requirement of laboratory services including blood counts, liver function tests, kidney function tests, coagulation profile, urine examination, serum lipase and amylase. Radiograph of the chest, abdomen, ultrasound of the abdomen, contrast enhanced Computed tomography scan and MRI for diagnosis of certain disease conditions is being used.
•A panel of gastroenterologists with hepatobiliary specialists, gastrosurgeons involved in the department.


Pulmonary,
•Patients of chest wall disorders like kyphoscoliosis, chronic lung diseases like COPD, interstitial lung diseases, acute conditions like pneumonia, pleural effusion, tuberculosis being seen on an inpatient and outpatient basis. Emergency cases like pneumothorax, foreign body ingestion, respiratory failure, cardiorespiratory arrest being managed in the emergency, stabilized and then shifted to ICU for further management. Rib fractures, post traumatic hemothorax, lung contusions being managed. Other diseases see – pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension, Aspergillosis etc
•Procedures performed include pleural fluid aspiration, Intercostal tube insertion for pneumothorax, bronchoscopy – bronchial Lavage and biopsy being done routinely.
•Requirement of laboratory services including blood counts, liver function tests, kidney function tests, coagulation profile, urine examination. Radiograph of the chest, abdomen, ultrasound of the chest, contrast enhanced Computed tomography scan and MRI for diagnosis of certain disease conditions is being used. Pleural fluid examination being done. Airway management – intubation, NON invasive ventilation – Bipap support also available facilities.
•Highly qualified team of pulmonologists, critical care specialists, interventional respiratory medicine specialists involved in patient care and management.


Cardiology

•Patients of Myocardial infarction, heart block, hypertension, acute coronary syndrome, rheumatic heart disease, valvular diseases, congenital heart diseases, pericardial diseases etc being managed as outpatient, inpatient, and cardiac critical care unit.
•Procedures including temporary pacemaker insertion, permanent pacemaker insertion, PTCA, CABG , angiography being done routinely.
•Requirement of laboratory services including blood counts, liver function tests, kidney function tests, coagulation profile, urine examination. ECHO and ECG for diagnosis, chest xray, CT scan of the chest, ETC being done.
•Cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, critical care specialists present for patient management.

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Regards.