Hi there. Yes they can, but it's rare, and often an incidental finding on an xray or ultrasound scan.
Sometimes gall stones in dogs are clinically silent, which means the dog shows no clinical signs, other times they may be associated with vomiting, jaundice(going yellow),fever, anorexia and abdominal pain.
As choleliths are actually usually radiolucent(do not show on xray) ultrasound is the best way to diagnose.
Treatment is surgical removal, but is only indicated in patients showing clinical signs of liver or bile duct disease.
Hope this helps
Andrea
Dog Veterinarian
bvm&s degree, 15 years in companion animal practise