6) Describe the purpose of a buffer and give an example from your own experience where its use clearly benefits system response.
Purpose of a buffer:
Buffers are used whenever data is received in sizes that may be different than the ideal size for the hardware or software that uses the buffer. For example, a 64-bit processor on a 16-bit bus may have a buffer to hold 16-bit requests until they equal 64-bits. Another use of buffers is to keep hardware from getting overwhelmed with information. In that scenario, you use a large buffer to hold data until a device or program is ready to receive it, instead of just pushing it onto a device that might not be ready. Buffers must be optimized in size to work efficiently for the purpose they are designed.
An example from your own experience:
When letters are typed on keybaord in MS DOS program (Like a command prompt), these are line buffered until carriage return is pressed. The keyboard buffer stores the data temporarily and this data is transferred to the input output controller when it has a meaning.
This increases the responsiveness of the command prompt. If there is no keyboard buffer, the over all responsiveness would be decreased. As each letter would be passed to controlller for processing and the control would revert back to keyboard involving overheads.


7) Rewrite each of the following arithmetic expressions to take advantage of concurrent processing and then code each? use the terms COBEGIN and COEND to delimit the sections of concurrent code.

a. A + B * R * Z - N * M + C²

COBEGIN
T1 = B*R*Z
T2=N*M
T3 = C*C
COEND
T4=A+T1
T5 = T2+T3
ANS = T4-T5

b. ( X * ( Y * Z * W * R ) + M + N + P )

COBEGIN
T1 = Y*Z
T2 = W*R
T3 = M+N
COEND
COBEGIN
T4 = T1*T2
T5 = P+T3
COEND
T6 = X*T4
ANS = T6+T5

c. ( ( J + K * L * M * N ) * I )

COBEGIN
T1 = K*L
T2 = M*N
COEND
T3 = T1*T2
T4 = J+T3
ANS = T4*IComputer'sGuru40241.1942318634